In this Sunday school lesson, we learn about the Ice Age. Though the Bible does not specifically mention an ice age, we do see plenty of evidence of an ice age in our world today. In fact, the Ice Age is a reasonable outcome of the global Flood, which the Bible does plainly describe. In order to get a better handle on the Ice Age, we listen to retired meteorologist, Michael Oard, present an explanatory model of the Ice Age. We also briefly compare this creationist view of the Ice Age with the secular, uniformitarian view.
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let’s get started good morning welcome to Sunday School today’s our last week of the answers Bible curriculum series before we take our summer break you know that we’ve been going through the answers Bible curriculum we’re just finishing up our third quarter but we’re going to take a break for the summer next week and for the rest of the summer we’re going to be doing a miniseries a new series on Biblical Archaeology biblical archaeology 101 you’ve hopefully seen the inserts in a bulletin that is will be taking a survey through the most important archaeological discoveries related to the Bible and the events of Scripture really did happen and the evidence left behind not only directly confirms much of what the Bible declares it also helps clarify and give context to the information that the bible does present so that we can understand it a little bit better please note that our summer Sunday School class will be a combined Sunday School class that is children and toddler or children of toddler or kindergarten pre-kindergarten age range will still meet downstairs for a Sunday School class but all other age levels will be in here I’ll be joining us in here to learn about Biblical Archaeology but before we get to that one more lesson today we’re pausing our walk with Abraham and the patriarchs to address an issue that has been lingering in the background since the flood at issue is the ice age does the bible talk about the ice age or an ice age no it doesn’t however bible does clearly describe a worldwide flood and as we’re going to see today the ice age and the flood are very intimately connected so the format sort of today’s class is going to be a little different than usual we’re going to be listening to a lecture from Michael Oh are a retired a retired meteorologist we’ve been working with answers in genesis since 2001 in this video lecture or it articulates why creationist scientists do believe in an ice age and how the Ice Age ties into the Genesis flood the lecture is about 25 minutes but we’re going to break the lecture into three sections and after watching each section we’re going to recap the information the information from award comes kind of fast and I want to make sure that we understand the arguments that he is presenting help keep things as clear as possible I’ve also created a note-taking outline for you to use as we watch the video and as we discuss the video so please make use of it fill in the blanks answer the questions help your understanding as you listen each time we pause will we make sure to go over the notes so that you have the correct information understand that the goal of today’s class is to not answer every scientific question related to the ice age rather my goal & Answers in Genesis goal is to give us a basic understanding of the ice age and how the Ice Age ties into the Bible one final note remember that what we’re talking about today is theory it comes from fallible interpretations of data like when we spoke about the science of the flood earlier this quarter we cannot treat these theories like scripture these theories are not inerrant models of the ice age or of the flood have been revised since their inception and they will continue to be revised or replaced as we get more information to help the models better accord with the Bible and the scientific evidence that’s available that being said these models are useful for investigating various scientific questions that arise today questions like why are there ancient rock paintings of fish in the Sahara Desert in the Sahara Desert why are there paintings of fish how did man and animals get to North America after the flood and babble and why did animals like the woolly mammoths and the saber-toothed tiger by understanding the model we’re going to talk about today help us answer those help us go about answering those questions moreover even though many of us are not scientists we nonetheless must navigate continual scientific claims from the media and from our education systems they say here’s what science has found this is what science has found we want to be able to skillfully assess such claims and determine whether they are empty or reasonable so today’s lesson on the ice age should still prove useful to you here’s our outline for today’s class we’re going to review some basic bits of information regarding the flood that we discussed in a previous class then we’ll actually listen to and review the arguments of Michael Oh art via his video lecture and then finally we’ll briefly compare the arguments that he presents with current secular thought regarding the ice age let’s pray before we go on what God you are the great faithful God you keep covenant Lord we are so glad for your faithfulness your faithfulness to preserve the world ever since the flood you promised that you would preserve it until the end and God that you’ve also promised because you have chosen enter into covenant with your elect Lord you promise to always provide your promise to be gone to us and to take care of us in your perfect and wise way Lord as we discuss these these topics today I pray that I’ll be edifying to the people I pay that you to give us understanding and pray Lord that it would also provoke wonder at your greatness all that you accomplish in the world and Jesus name Amen let’s start by reviewing some information about the flood you remember that the flood record in Genesis presented to us as straightforward history in chapters six to nine identifies identifies two sources for the flood waters or were those two sources yes Steve that’s right The Fountains of the great deep and the floodgates of the sky it was the two sources of water identified for us in the text all the waters that flooded the earth were a result of those two sources mountains from deep underneath the oceans and water from above now we took time during art one of our classes to explore a specific creationist model of the flood what was the name of that model very good catastrophic plate tectonics according to this model what basic but momentous change physically caused the flood yeah Danielle will talk about the mechanism specifically in just a second we’ll review those but yes it’s all about the tectonic plates breaking apart and moving apart catastrophic plate tectonics is just about the movement of the plates of the Earth’s crust how will remind you of those three specific mechanisms resulting from the movement of the place plates that would cause the flood first fissures in the oceanic crust gaps in the oceanic crust force I brought in lots of hot material from the mantle that is the second layer underneath the crust causing large amounts of steam to rise into the air from all over the oceans because all these gaps were appearing these large amounts of steam caused rain clouds to form rapidly and continually and massive precipitation fell on the land so we have steam rising causing rain then the movement of the plates also caused the oceanic crust to be replaced the process of subduction new hot material from the mantle replaced the surface of the ocean floor this new sea floor or replace the ocean floor this new sea floor was hotter and less dense causing it to float higher on the Earth’s mantle and consequently the sea level rose so we’ve got steam causing rain we’ve got less dense oceanic crust which rises or causes the sea levels to rise and then finally the tectonic movement and the vault volcanic activity caused by the movement of the plates cause massive tidal waves to continually strike the continents so these three forces brought massive amounts of water on land what then caused the flood waters to recede if these indeed caused the flood waters to rise why did it stop yes Steve exactly eventually the gaps those fissures in the ocean closed so you had no more hot material from the mantle causing steam to rise so the rain clouds disappeared and then that new ocean floor was finally finished being remade and it cooled its heat dissipated into the the ocean and so it cooled and sunk lower on the mantle therefore the sea level dropped and because the plates eventually stopped moving or began to move only slightly you no longer had the intense tidal waves that accompanied the earthquakes and the volcanic activity though some volcanic activity or a good deal of volcanic activity probably continued anyways so these things settled down and the floodwaters receded of course God was supernaturally or God was in control of all these forces but this is one explanation for what physically caused the flood now remember this is a theory it does accord well with various pieces of geological evidence as we have discussed but is just a theory one other thing to mention to you before we talk about ice age there is another flood theory that suggests that there were or are massive amounts of hot water trapped underneath the mantle and those broke through oceanic crust during the flood so literal fountains gushing water not just causing water to turn into steam but gushing water into the oceans and basically increasing the levels of the sea that way this would be hot water from underneath the mantle we talked about the other theory because I think that accords better with the evidence but I mentioned this alternative to you because both catastrophic plate tectonics and the idea of hot water coming through the mantle they both would produce conditions conducive to an ice age as we’ll see in just a few moments before we start listening to the lecture though we should actually define what is an ice age what is an ice age well sounds really dramatic right perhaps the term brings to mind a completely frozen planet but it actually doesn’t need to be that drastic an ice age and you can write this down on your notes an ice age is simply a period of time with extensive glaciation that is substantially more land covered by ice I’ll say it again an ice age is a period of time with substantially more land covered by ice doesn’t have to be the whole earth doesn’t even have to be half there it just has to be substantially more than is normal today there are a few places there are a few places you can go to seal and permanently covered by ice what’s one of those places an article right as a place that has permanent ice coverage it has permanent glaciers also in the Antarctic we find places like that and also at high altitudes you have places that are permanently covered by ice currently twelve percent scientists say twelve percent of the Earth’s landmass is permanently covered in ice an ice age then would mean a substantial increase in that percentage substantially more than twelve percent that would be an ice age okay was there an ice age how bad was the ice age can we explain how it happened what evidence is there to support such an explanation that’s what art is going to present to us so let’s actually cue up the first section of the movie it’ll be about eight minutes we’ll watch it and then we’ll recap the information was there an ice age well when you examine the surficial sediments the sediments that are on the surface of the earth in presently glaciated areas you see an upper features now this is the beautiful athabasca glacier and the Canadian Rockies that has was or an ice age well when you examine the surficial sediments the sediments that are on the surface of the earth in presently glaciated areas you see a number of features now this is the beautiful athabasca glacier and the Canadian Rockies that has been receding this sign right there that’s where it was in 1890 India it has been receding and when it leaves behind you can examine what an ice does it leaves behind rocks of all sizes within usually sand and silt kind of in a finer grain matrix it leaves behind in marines and lateral rains in marines and lateral rains are formed when the glacier pushes out material ahead of it and as its along the side it’s called lateral moraine when it’s in the front it’s called a terminal or in marine speaking of this I can’t help but big a comment on global warming yes all glaciers of the world have been receding or mostly all and yes it is true there has been global warming and i believe it is true that man has been a cause of it but i believe that nature is part of it too because between 1350 and 1850 we had the little ice age for all the glaciers in the world advanced now the we’re in the opposite fluctuation where the receding so i think this is probably due to a little effects of the sunshine and less volcanic ash in the stratosphere why we’re getting some of the global warming there’s a beautiful in moraine very sharp-looking made not too long ago probably made about 1890 another feature you observe around glaciated areas is scratched bedrock as the glacier moves over bedrock it has rocks on the bottom of it and those rocks on the bottom scratched the bed so it’s typical to see striated bedrock or pavement as they call this also some of the rocks themselves get scratched and a lot of times they get scratched in different directions there’s a one-set going that way and there’s another set going this way like this and it’s probably because the rock turned a little bit in the ice Isis were plastic and malleable so that’s probably why you have striations in different directions on rocks so those are some of the features we see in currently glaciated areas so let’s extend those two features where it’s claimed have been glaciated here’s one area where I nearly live used to live west of great falls montana and your augusta montana these this is the Rocky Mountain Front the Rocky Mountains were glaciated during the Ice Age and the ice came about 10 miles out of the high plane informed us in marine just typically as what you see at the athabasca glacier I’m taking a picture of this from this part of the end marine right here it was breached right in here probably when the glacier melted it breached through the end marine right here so that’s why there’s a gap there when you look at the material in the in marine it’s very similar to glaciers you see today it’s rocks of all sizes in a finer grain matrix surrounding the rocks typically call that glacial till also as you go when you go up into the Rocky Mountains you see scratch bedrock go on East in fact there’s an eight hundred foot cliff right along here the glacier came up out of this valley scratch the bedrock and went down over an eight hundred foot cliff also you’ll find in them in the marine that I showed you previously you find rocks that are scratched in several different directions typical what you see in glaciated areas and this is in an area that gets up in the 80s for high temperatures in the summertime also as you tour around the West you see that out of some of the mountain valleys of the western US you see Marines just like you see at at the basket glacier this is probably one of the best Marines that I’ve ever seen before this is the horseshoe shaped lateral in Marines around a beautiful wallowa lake in northeast oregon that about it moved out on to the enterprise plane in northeast oregon about 4,000 feet altitude where it gets probably a high temperature of 90 as the average in july there’s a lateral marine in marine and lateral marine they’re fairly sharp looking indicating that the ice age ended not that long ago furthermore a feature like this could not form during the flood this feature has to form by other mechanisms and it’s on top of flood sediments so what the ice age occurred after the flood and here’s this another picture of that lateral marine you can see the trees for scale this lateral rain is 600 feet tall and here’s what you see with in the lateral marine glacial till rocks of all sizes and a finer grain matrix and you see these around the Sierra Mountains another mount Wind River mountains of the western United States also you see these erratic boulders here and there most of them i see are kind of surrounded around it i think that a lot of erratic were transported by water this one is very angular this is the famous okotoks erratic southwest of calgary alberta this forms a line of erratic sfrom jasper alberta down into northern Montana is kind of a line and very angular which means they did roll down there probably they formed they were deposited by icebergs as ice was melting here’s here’s another famous of radical to Bellevue erratic now this erratic is now erratic Boulder is is a boulder that rocketed local area has been transported somehow that’s what they mean by an erratic boulder or exotic boulders another name this one is found southwest of Portland Oregon in the Willamette Valley it’s a composed of argillite which is a slightly metamorphosed shale and this nurse outcrop of that is in northern Idaho and it’s well south of the ice where the boundary the ice by the way how they get down there and it’s very angular the only way you can think about is a non iceberg and how would an iceberg take it down there well when glacial lake Missoula broke it spread through Eastern Washington through the Columbia Gorge and spread over Portland Oregon 400 feet deep and up into the Willamette Valley so if there was a glacial lake Missoula and a lake Missoula flood there had to be a thick ice dam in northern Idaho to block up the water in the Clark Fork Valley indicating again that the Ice Age was a real event ice-covered practically all of Canada just a little bit the yukon territory was unglazed it came down the northern United States to around they claim northern Missouri and I’m not quite I’m that’s a subject of research but it got pretty far south of the Great Lakes and it covered some of the mountain areas as ice caps but interesting enough in Alaska the brooks range in alaska range they were glaciated but the lowlands of alaska were not glaciated and that’s where you find all those woolly mammoths Bisons and the horses and lots of animals in ice age permafrost in those areas when you go to Europe and Asia this general feature where the ice was it covered much of England and in that northern Germany and Poland and to clear out and then okay now there’s little question on the boundary right in here and some people think that the ice covered the Barents Sea north and Norway there so there’s still some controversy over the exact distribution of the ice but when you add it all up ice-covered thirty percent of the continental areas the closest ice to this area would have been up in Pennsylvania can we explain it well I believe we can first of all Oh all right now let’s recap so to determine whether it was an ice age let’s look at the areas where we know there is ice now and see if there any distinctive features in that area distinctive geological topographical features and then see if those features are repeated elsewhere that would show us whether there was ice there were ice sheets there were glaciers in that area before and he describes a couple of those features that are distinctive of ice covered areas existing glaciers and impact the rocks and soil in two ways and one is with Marines and he mentioned two types of Marines what were the two types terminal or n Marines and the other is lateral so those are the two blanks there are lateral and n Marines but what is a moraine he defines it a little bit after he starts talking about it what’s a moraine or say there are saving everyone well it’s not it’s not actually the shape of the glaciers path but the rock and soil that is pushing to the sides they have a distinctive makeup and that’s what a marine is it’s that if that’s rocks that’s push to the side and how are they made up or what are they made up of with exactly it’s a mixture of rocks of all sizes in in a fine grain matrix as he says or something like sand so I’ll give you I’ll give you the straight definition here once I find it again a moraine is a collection of various sized rocks in a finer grain matrix so it’s like a big pile or a big wall of various sized rocks in a finer grain matrix and it showed you a number of pictures of those things basically a collection of mixed rocky debris all shove together because something really powerful pushed it that way Marines have another name they’re also called glacial what glacial till glacial till so you can see these in ice covered areas today they’re formed when glaciers as I said giant ice sheets that’s what a glacier is it moves or expands and this powerful moving ice pushes with great pressure on the rocks and soil in its path shoving them to the side which is a lateral moraine or shoving them in front which is an end marine Marines are very distinctive if you find Marines you know that there is a glacier there over there there’s a glacier nearby or there once was a glacier there now what’s the other main sign of ice coverage and he talked about that you can see on an area’s rocks will talk about the erratic boulders in just a second because that’s another sign but before we get there let’s write scratches scratches on the bedrock striated bedrock as a glacier expands is sometimes picks up rocks or carries rocks and the rock and ice lays deep scratches in the rocks that it passes by or that it carries because that rock is scratching against other rock or the ice is scratching against the rock and it leaves scratch marks in the rock rocks that are not carried are pressed against the rocks by the ice sheet but some rocks are even carried as these carried rocks turn they can even get scratches going in different directions so scratch bedrock is a telltale sign of ice coverage and expanding glacier so we find more rains and we find scratch boulders all over the northern hemisphere along with as you mentioned Sarah erratic boulders what are erratic boulders yeah George exactly they’re rocks have been transported into an area and we believe they’re transported in ternary because they don’t match any of the other rocks nearby there are exotic boulders there alien boulders they’ve been transported somehow because they don’t match the other rocks he mentions that many erratic boulders are rounded meaning that they are probably carried by water and part of their sides were smooth off but many erratic boulders are very angular in shape which means that a river or liquid water didn’t carry them something else did likely glaciers glaciers and icebergs I guess moving glaciers it can actually carry rocks in front of them or on them and push them into an area in which they didn’t belong so we find erratic boulders along with these other two to signs in various places in the northern hemisphere so because these land features show up in a lot of other places then where there are glaciers now what is the conclusion there must have been extensive ice coverage at one time that is not there now in other words an ice age because that’s not exactly what an ice age is right substantially greater ice coverage on land there must have been ice sheets and various places in the northern hemisphere at one time conclusion there must have been an ice age now both uniformitarian that is secular scientists who believe that processes today are exactly the processes that have always been acting on the earth uniformitarian scientists and creationist scientists agree that our earth previously experienced an ice age that’s not really up for debate they all agree on that how far did the ice sheets extend in the northern hemisphere what did it cover it did come down to a Pennsylvania about midway through the u.s. covered almost all of our northern neighbor Canada and what about Eurasia what was covered parts of Northwest North West Siberia good part of Siberia what else Scandinavia all Scandinavia covered most of England also covered there was also ice coverage in the southern hemisphere he doesn’t really talk about it but places like Chile Argentina most of New Zealand and Southeast Australia were likely covered by ice in all about as he said thirty percent of the continental of the continents were covered by ice that’s a substantial increase of the ice that we have today questions so far just eve that’s a something that he briefly mentioned something about but that’s a great question can we say that this happened before the flood or after the flood can we really make a distinction and he said that we can say that these things appear after the Ice Age happened after the flood because the Marines and the erratic boulders and the scratch bedrock or maybe not the bedrock but there’s other geological features they appear above something what do they appear above that’s right flood sediments the types of sediments that must have occurred during the flood or that associated with the flood these features appear above those which means they must have come afterwards that’s actually a blank I have in the next section under can we explain the ice age so the reason we think I CH happen after the flood is because it appears above the flood evidence appears above flood sediments other questions do a question ok yeah flood sentiment so that’s a great question sentiment is just the soil deposits it is a term for geological deposits so it can to my understanding can contain rocks but basically types of soil and there were certain types of soil that appear in certain rock layers and there are some that could only there are some that would be created by the flood and some that couldn’t have been created by the flood so yeah flood side miss our I’m not exactly sure how to describe it physically but it’s a distinctive kind of soil other questions yeah that’s a good question probably i don’t know that specifically but we could see water carry sediment and it carries a certain kind of sediment so when you have a flood in the air in an area and does leave behind a certain kind of sediment certain kind of soil when we think about the nile river and how it made things really fertile is partly how it’s partly because of how it carried sediment and so yeah we’ll be talking about that kind of sentiment this flood sentiments actually appear all over the world and so that’s one of the reasons why we say that geological evidence accords well with a global flood because you have these flood sediments all over the place yes right right so because of the global flood just repeat your comment whatever appears on top must have come after what was before and what was before was the flood good questions other questions Roy hmm we’ll talk a little bit more about than just a second but you’re right Roy we’re not just talking about things freezing due to water vapor in the air but we’re going to get some storms some powerful precipitation we’re going to that’s the next section actually of this lecture it’s going explain can we explain the Ice Age can we explain this ice buildup so let’s actually go over to that now Inge if you could cube the video again let’s hear another for about four or five minute clip explaining how do the Ice Age come about the closest ice to this area would have been up in Pennsylvania can we explain it well I believe we can first of all we can tell from Clues in its post-flood it’s on the surface of flood sediments and we definitely don’t have it today in the present climate the ice sheets in Canada are gone so it must have happened in a transitional climate from the flood to the present climate well that means the flood could have caused the Ice Age while indeed I believe that that is the case so let’s see how the Genesis flood fulfills the requirements for an ice age it was a giant volcanic tectonic event tectonic is crustal earth movements but at the end of the flood you have a huge shroud of volcanic dust and aerosols aerosols are fine particles about a micron in diameter they would be floating on the stratosphere what they do what we know from modern volcanic eruptions they cause cooler temperatures especially in summer and over the large land masses so after the flood you’d have so much volcanic ash and aerosols that you cause a pretty good cooling right off the bat also the Fountains of the great deep and volcanism caused a warm ocean there’s lots of ways to cause a warm ocean in in any flood model but the thoughts of the great deep imply that there was a water trapped in the crust and it came up and at the end of the flood that warm water coming from the crust would have been added to the current oceans resulting in a warm ocean from top to bottom and pull the pole you could probably swim in the Arctic Ocean right after the flood it was so warm there’d be no sea ice anyway the significance of the warm water is that the warmer the water the more the evaporation in fact at 86 degrees Fahrenheit you have seven times the amount of evaporation of water then at zero degrees centigrade or 32 degrees Fahrenheit huge amount of evaporation with warmer water also the mechanisms going to persist but it’s going to wane with time as the volcanic ash settles out and there settles down to equilibrium and the ocean is cool particularly the oceans cooling is the key for the waning of the Ice Age here’s kind of a schematic of how this would work the volcanic dust and aerosols would reflect some of the sunlight back to space cooling the surface of the earth mainly the the land masses at bidden high latitudes now volcanic ash and aerosols filtered out of the atmosphere sink out of the atmosphere in about one to three years so you have to keep replenishing the stratosphere after the the flood and indeed there’s a tremendous amount of Ice Age volcanism in ice age sediments indicating we had tremendous volcanism for quite a while after the flood now they notice they know that uniformitarian notice that they know volcanism causes cooling but you know when they stretch out the Ice Age in the 2 million year period it’s nothing but when we telescope it into a short time scale it becomes very very significant now with basic meteorology you can guesstimate that’s a that’s meteorological jargon the storm tracks during Ice Age storm tracks would be in areas where you have strong horizontal temperature differences and where would they be they would generally be between the cold cool land and the warm ocean so you’d have a storm track parallel with the East Coast also another storm track would be cold ice ice sheet and a little bit warmer land here so you’d have a storm practice south of the ice sheet and storms are generally follow these now these are general storm tracks in meteorology chaos usually rules so these are just these are just general and most of the time precipitation and wintertime storms falls on the north side of the storm so it fall right in there where the ice was building up in this schematic the this is where the ice is still building up also you can figure out where the main evaporation areas are generally with West East flow you have fairly a drier cooler air from the continent going out over the warmer ocean that’s produces strong evaporation on the east coast of continents and of course in an hour and are the ocean close to the land you’d have strong evaporation those are close to the areas at the mid high latitudes where you want it to evaporate it’s close to where the building ice sheets developed in Canada and the northern United States and and of course Scandinavia all right we’ll pause or anything I’m going to go on to support for the model let’s recap this section of the lecture roda talked about when the Ice Age probably happened probably happen after the flood because where it appears in the sediment layers but meteorological II the Ice Age is difficult because you need two seemingly contradictory preconditions to create an ice age I left two blanks and she doesn’t identify these things specifically but it’s it’s helpful for us to think about them to have an ice age you first of all need cooler temperatures need cooler temperatures why is that important to cause snow and snow buildup because even if you get snow if there are warmer temperatures especially in summer what’s going to happen all the snow it’s going to melt all the snow and ice is going to melt so you need cooler temperatures especially in summer so that the the snow can fall and so that it won’t melt as easily but to get snow and to get lots of precipitation what do you need you need evaporation and evaporation happens more when the temperatures are what warm so these things don’t go well together to get a large amount of precipitation to produce the ice on land you need warm temperatures but to get the ice to actually form and to get it to stay you need cooler temperatures how is that going to work how is that going to happen this is a seemingly impossible problem for uniformitarian scientists they seen they see evidence for the Ice Age but they can’t really describe the mechanism because you can get because you can to get both evaporation lots of evaporation and cooler temperatures at the same time is seemingly impossible one prevents the other normal but what does give us these two preconditions a warmer ocean caused by volcanic eruptions and the tectonic event known as the flood the flood the flood fulfills these two preconditions as you says the flood was likely a massive tectonic and volcanic event as we’ve discussed the flood was likely a massive tectonic and volcanic event I’ve got hot mantle material spilling into the oceans you’ve got volcanic activity erupting everywhere because the tectonic plates are crashing into each other and this means that volcanic activity is causing volcanic particles to go into the air aerosols are finding their way into the stratosphere stratosphere is a second layer of our atmosphere we dwell in the troposphere stratosphere is right above that and these particles in the air they block and reflect sunlight without many of the sun’s rays reaching the ground what does that cause on land cooler temperatures especially in summer cooler summers what are aerosols very very very tiny particles tiny particles that float in the atmosphere yes Ron yes I think that is yes I think that’s the explanation your question is why was I so only building up in certain places at these certain sections of the northern hemisphere in certain sections of the southern hemisphere I think it has to do with how much sunlight reaches those areas they’re cooler parts of the world there might also be something about where aerosols gather he doesn’t talk about that specifically but maybe that’s also part of the explanation so you have these aerosols these extremely tiny particles getting into the stratosphere yes Danielle cooler summers generally cooler temperatures but it also as we’ll talk about a little bit later the Ice Age also had mild winters in various places so don’t just think it like everything gets colder some places only the summers got colder or they were not that affected by the Ice Age so we get cooler summers on land due to the aerosols and we know that this is what volcanic eruptions do because we see the same thing happening with modern volcanic eruptions so we have that happening which is going to cause the cooler temperatures but the Fountains of the great deep the volcanism of the flood it created a warm ocean leading to high amounts of evaporation which is that other necessary precondition of the flood so this gives us a reasonable explanation for how the Ice Age originated the flood gives you the two preconditions and these mechanisms are long-lasting but not permanent which is important they eventually will fix themselves one problem uniformitarian scientists run into when they’re trying to explain the ice eight is that sometimes they can get an ice age to start but they can’t get it to stop you get a frozen earth that’s a problem and they have to infer like suddenly there’s a spike in carbon dioxide and the whole world melts what caused that a hard explain so the flood provides mechanisms that produce an ice age but also Wayne with time air cells eventually settle out of the atmosphere how long does it take that to happen one two three years and I say which was longer than that so that means they must have been replenished with continuous volcanic activity and he says that there’s evidence of that there’s continuous volcanic activity during the Ice Age so the aerosols would have been replenished regularly whether this volcanism gradually decreased but more importantly due to evaporation the oceans gradually did what they cooled and we’ll also talk about how they they changed in sea level and a little bit later on but they cooled because this is what evaporation does i think the blank is oceans gradually cooled due to evaporation this is why you sweat right it’s not that water itself cools you down it’s the evaporator off your body it takes heat with it so your body cools down now or it also talked about how using the same meteorological understandings that we use today we can infer general storm patterns for the eyes that would have resulted in lots of precipitation in the very places that we see evidence of ice buildup talked about the evaporation in certain areas and the storm tracks okay I think he’s going to mention the length of a nice the ice age in the next section so we won’t answer that question yet if you have other questions hang on to them I want to make sure we have enough time to get through this last section and talk about it so let’s cue up the third section of the video now we’re going to hear about what are some supports for this model of the ice age how does it accord with some of the findings that we see around the world you can use the back of your sheet that’s where more notes are and of course Scandinavia now I’m going to go on to support for the model there’s lots of evidence for wet deserts and I’m going to show you a few diagram and a picture coming up but the evidence shows that the dry areas about 30 degrees north like Southwest United States the Dead Sea area Australia lots of places were much wetter here’s a plot of the what’s called pluvial Lakes in the Southwest United States right in this area now this is just in the Great Basin there was lakes down in here Death Valley had a lake about 600 feet deep this is like Bonneville which is a great salt lake about six to eight times as large 800 feet deep deeper by the way the average depth assault a great salt lake lake not today is only 15 feet deep it was 800 feet deeper during the Ice Age now uniformitarian how they going to get a climate change to fill these things up in those areas it is very difficult but like I said they’re in our model we fill them up first as the flood drains off it’ll fill up pockets or basins in the land at the end of the flood by the way if you’ve ever been to these areas there’s beautiful large shoreline features along this Lake Bonneville here shorelines and high dealt is if you land at salt lake airport look out the window along the foothills and you see the shorelines there’s a two distinct shorelines in fact I found shorelines around this this lake is called Lake Lahontan it’s today that you just have a few shriveled remnants of that Lake these lakes right here to get up to almost 100 degrees now in the summer I’ve taken pictures around there you’re a Mono Lake there glacial lake we’re on a lake and then Death Valley and shorelines around Death Valley quite a different climate during the Ice Age lot wetter now it’s interesting that the Sahara Desert was much wetter man lived in the Sarah desert by the thousands and he has all kinds of rock art this is a picture of a giraffe on a rock in the Sahara Desert and I’m going to just summarize a quote from the book the great Sahara the Sahara is a veritable art galeria prehistoric paintings the evidence is enough to show that the Sahara’s wants a well-populated area of the prehistoric world yet there is man’s work in the most inaccessible corners of the desert literally thousands of figures at tropical and aquatic animals yes aquatic animals enormous herds of cattle hunters armed with bows and boomerangs and even domestic scenes of women and children in the circular Hudson which they live why would the sierra be much wetter during the Ice Age well because he had a huge amount of evaporation right after the flood the lowlands of Siberia Alaskan the Yukon were unglazed and this is a mystery and here’s a plot of the mountains being glaciated and the lowlands which are are in yellow there are unglazed by the way most models of the Ice Age have extreme difficulty forming the Ice Age extreme difficulty now some will produce it but a lot of times is because those models are tweaked to produce it anyway phillips and Hilde said in the journal of climate Siberian alas well they said we now have glaciation they did produce glaciation but unfortunately it was outside the areas where it existed during the last ice age and that included the lowlands of Alaska Siberia and the Yukon in other words those lowlands like to glaciated why were they glaciated in our model it’s because of all the warm onshore flow mainly it was onshore flow that kept it ice-free now the woolly mammoths in Siberia what were millions of ma’am is doing in Siberia where they couldn’t live today mainly because it’s boggy they can’t get around and the bog that vegetation is toxic to to them because they they grass not only words of woolly mammoths in Siberia yet woolly rhinoceros horse Bisons a lot of different animals that lived in Siberia during the Ice Age so what’s going on why why these sorts of things well first of all you got to determine whether the mammoth died during the flood or during the Ice Age I think from what I’ve seen that for studied it’s overwhelmingly they died the end of the Ice Age one of the main evidence is in Northwest library you find one skeletons on top of glacial till which means that as the glaciers receded from North West Siberia the mammoths came up in that area and then they died on top so they died at the end of the Ice Age that’s the distribution right there all across the northern hemisphere in fact you don’t find him in areas were the the ice lasted the longest which is much of Canada and northern and central Scandinavia which is what you’d expect during an ice age and during the Ice Age they would be able to migrate over a Bering Land Bridge the snow piles on land evaporates from the ocean of the original water and the sea level drops and the Bering Land Bridge is very shallow so man and animals could easily migrate into the United States and down through an ice-free corridor they came down here and spread through into the southern United States Central and South America now a good indication that the climate was quite different during the Ice Ages the distribution of the Saiga antelope the solid line there represents the current distribution of the Saiga antelope and the dash line is the historical there their range is shrinking but those dots represent ice age distributions you can see them up in northern Siberia what’s so significant about that well the Saiga antelope has thin hoods and it likes wide open spaces planes and can’t negotiate permafrost very well swamps very well indicating that this area was totally different ecologically during the Ice Age then it is there today during the summers it’s a it’s quite a swampland because of the melting of permafrost permafrost melts that much and it has nowhere to go and sort ponds and then you get all these plants growing in there and it becomes a bog land and it’s hardly any animals can live there today and those those those areas this is indication that we very likely had no permafrost during the I see now the uniformitarian zai think I have not really faced this problem because they grudgingly might say well maybe there’s a little warmer climate but but some say he was during the Ice Age it had to be lot colder in Siberia and they say oh that would solve the problem of those bogs and freeze the bogs well if it freezes the bogs what are they going to eat and here’s a woolly mammoth timeline whether you start with a 2l in commune puffins that leave the ark at the end of the ice age or to leave mammoth I believe was two elephants and the mastodons and mammoths are part of the elephant kind but regardless they’re going to grow slowly they grow slowly and then finally when their population is going to mushroom by geometric progression yes you have plenty of time for millions of mammoths in a 700 year Ice Age finally towards the end of the Ice Age the climate changes is a dynamic climate it becomes colder drier and windy and they go extinct at the end of the Ice Age this is the famous veras a vaca mammoth that was towed out of us North East Siberia and that’s generally the position they found him it’s in the st. Peter Petersburg Museum in st. Petersburg and it had a broken four leg and it broken ribs broken pelvis and it was in a general standing position the question is that really plagues most people is how did these animals die well I believe the solution is found in the deposits surrounding the mammoths let’s take a look at what they were buried in are they buried in a bog with bog material River material summer in it i knows i think but the mass majority of them are in windblown silt this is a recent quote from a book called mammoths and the mammoth fauna a particular interest for paleo zoologist is what’s called the odometer Udonis our heels a permit of that are formed after permafrost melts around it and leave some permafrost as Hills this is actually a las layer that is windblown silt as a rule containing the largest amounts of remains of late pleistocene animals they’re buried in windblown silt so what’s the picture here I believe they died in large dust storms sort of like what happens in the Dust Bowl era this is a picture from the Dust Bowl era that if you were in a dust storm you would see just a cloud or this dust coming and the visibility would go down to zero there might not be any wind right before it it’d be like with a cold front sometimes there’s no wind being ahead of a cold front suddenly the winds just really pick up and it just the visibility drops to zero and dust triste I about dustry during the Dust Bowl eras dust recovered up fences machinery this one is up to the top of a house and by the way I believe that the amount of windblown silt in those areas of Siberia some in place some places over a hundred feet thick so I believe you had worse dust storms up there in Siberia than you did in the Dust Bowl era me my ass well why are we going to have late Ice Age dust storms well because of colder winters colder oceans which means more sea ice which also means that dryer atmosphere and stronger north-south temperature differences all resulting in lot stronger winds and dry cold fronts lot drier cult of cold fronts so here’s the big picture woolly mammoth peaceful eating grass and buttercups yes buttercups the reason we have those is because they were in his mouth and in its stomach half decayed the digestion of a woolly mammoth doesn’t occur in the stomach it occurs in the end after the stomach by the way I think that’s a key to why we that the vegetations only have decayed but anyway the winds come up oh he’s going to ride it out guess what he ends up like a snow fence and what happens to snow fences the snow piles up around it the dust would pile up he’s starting to suffocate and he’s in a standing position he tries to get out and he breaks his right arm a leg bone because it appears that he was alive when that front leg broke and by the way there’s an analog for this in Hot Springs South Dakota where some of the mammoths that fell into that sinkhole they’ve excavated 52 mammoth in Hot Springs South Dakota in a sinkhole some of them have broken four limbs also that the researcher there thinks it was because they’re trying to get out of the mud in this case the dust packing up would be almost like concrete finally other dust storms totally cover them up and Ian and ends up in a standing position in the dust and the perma how do you get them in the permafrost this has always been a major question one person said the jamming of the permafrost no the permafrost in this case will come up to meet them and by the way permafrost also shifts and faults once you get it up there and the faulting can break the pelvis of the barest of all commandant and its ribs so in a nutshell that’s the story of I believe they went extinct also something called disharmonious associations they find as a rule you have animals that love the heat and love the cold that were buried in ice age deposits together in the book criteria extinctions of prehistoric revolutionist said the Late Pleistocene communities at the Ice Age communities were characterized by the coexistence of species that today are allopatric translated not climatically associated and presumably ecologically incompatible disharmonious associations have been documented for late pleistocene ice age Flores that your plants terrestrial invertebrates lower in vertebrates birds and mammals in fact it was common and that’s exactly what you expect because this distribution would occur with cool summers and mild winters while in the uniformitarian model you have cold winters period you shouldn’t expect that one of the most outrageous instances is in England we have a hundred associations of hippos with musk ox and reindeers in the same stratigraphic layer how do how do hippos get up there during the Ice Age well because i believe britain was warm with a lot of warm onshore flow for quite a while and very wet very heavy precipitation so the hippo after the flood and leaving the the ark would find it congenial up in there and finally is but as the temperatures cool off he will he find himself in the wrong environment and he’s being populated by reindeer and musk ox and wooly mammoths and finally they all died and we’re buried in what it says here in this quote in stratigraphic context that seemed to indicate contemporary in other words they died at the same time also they found out that when things were supposed to get better at the end of the ice age it was warming up the ice was melting suddenly all these large animals disappeared on whole connoisseur went extinct all over the world end Ice Age extinctions 100 species of large animals in North America that seventy percent died at the ended ice age including the horse and the camel Europe and Asia lost 75 percent at the end of the Ice Age Australia lost ninety percent at the end of the Ice Age why well I think it’s the same reason they log they were lost in Siberia it was colder drier and winter I think that dust storms which was lots of evidence was a prime factor in the extinctions at the end of the Ice Age here’s a quote from a recent book after many decades of debate the North American in Pleistocene megafauna mass extinction remains a lightning rod of controversy the extraordinary divergent opinions expressed in this volume show that no resolution is in sight I would say it can rarely be explained in the post-flood Ice Age model okay that’s where it ends we’re pretty short on time so I’ll just go over these blinks briefly and then summarize the uniformitarian view of the ice age lots of information here lots of further support for this model of the ice age because an ice age caused by the flood is going to create unique climates some of them actually really conducive for animals and so you have place animals and man if you have wet deserts that’s at top blank there and we see evidence of this in southwestern United States and also in the Sahara Desert you also have the unfrozen northern lowlands which is strange because these areas like to become ice covered naturally why didn’t they was because of the warm breezes coming off of the warm ocean the onshore flow this is something that a flood model the Ice Age can explain but normal uniformitarian explanations cannot explain why the lowlands did not freeze in Siberia Alaska and the Yukon fossil distribution of various animals also goes along well with this explanation of the Ice Age areas that the large woolly mammoths and other bully animals lived in and died in their not hospitable today so they must have been fertile during the Ice Age climate and these remains cannot be from the flood because they’re in glacial sediments they’re in glacial till they’re above flood sentiments and these animals are able to come to North America because of the lower sea level what water was piling up on land in the form of ice because of the evaporation of the water in the ocean so you had land bridges all over the earth including the Bering Land Bridge like an antelope distribution is similar woolly mammoths died because an otherworldly creatures many other animals died due to the climate changes at the end of the Ice Age those mechanisms that had produced the Ice Age had eventually dissipated fertile Northern Plains became colder drier windier so some places warmed up other places got colder especially as those places that were warm during the Ice Age like those Northern Plains these conditions also created dust storms in these storms sometimes resulted in the rapid burial and suffocation of animals like the mammoth lots of animals were dying towards the end of the Ice Age you have dis harmonious association animals that don’t live in the same climate we’re dying in the same area doesn’t make sense unless you say the climate was changing animals that liked a warm area we’re already there then the climate began to change and cold weather animals started to move in and both of them ended up dying together the cold animals due to various reasons of the warmer warm animals because they couldn’t survive in that environment anymore and you have lots of ice h end of ice age mass extinctions dust storms were part of it climate the change in climate was a part of it surely man’s hunting was a part of it lots of very lots of reasons why animals may have gone extinct towards the end of the Ice Age so this is again a theory but one that makes sense with a number of pieces of evidence and it’s all based off of the Genesis flood but what about the uniformitarian what do they think about the Ice Age I’d like to give a more detailed explanation but just due to time they don’t believe in a global flood so they’re not going to not going to go with that and they actually believe there are multiple ice ages the earliest ice age was two billion years ago most recent ice age was two million years ago and these ice ages they keep on happening because they’re dependent on various cycles that depended on the slight changes in the position of the Earth’s orbit they’re slight changes in the position of the Earth’s tectonic plates slight changes in the Earth’s atmosphere that produce these ice ages they actually believe that we’re in an ice age right now and it’s just that the ISIS we’re in one of those cycles were the Ice Age the ice is retreating but ten thousand years or so from now the ice will start going back again problem with these explanations that they cannot produce the two necessary preconditions for the Ice Age lots of evaporation and cooler temperatures and when pressed these scientists will admit that they can’t really explain why the Ice Age started I’ll say that it’s not well understood but we have a good explanation again we’re not going to hold to this inherently like the Bible but it makes sense the flood the global flood that God did sent and that God did tell us about in the Bible it produced the ice age that we see evidence for all over the earth I’m just make sure I didn’t miss anything okay if you have more questions or comments about that come see me afterwards next week remember we begin Biblical Archaeology remember that’s combined some new schools to make sure that your kids join you unless their toddler or kindergarten age can’t end today’s class I know I feel really bad about going over but can’t end today’s class without reciting the memory verse so hopefully you took some time to do that that’s acts 17 26 27 see if we can recite together new king james version and he is made from one blood every nation in mankind to fill I’ll to dwell on all the face of the earth Wow what’s the next part and has determined their pre appointed times and the boundaries of their dwellings so that they should seek the Lord in the hope that they might grope for him and find him though he’s not far from each one of us all right let’s close in prayer but God you are great you control all the storms you control the climate you control the tectonic plates and God you